Human activity is changing the climate in unprecedented and sometimes irreversible ways, a major UN scientific report has said.
The landmark study warns of increasingly extreme heatwaves, droughts and flooding, and a key temperature limit being broken in just over a decade.
The report "is a code red for humanity", says the UN chief.
But scientists say a catastrophe can be avoided if the world acts fast.
There is hope that deep cuts in emissions of greenhouse gases could stabilize rising temperatures.
Echoing the scientists' findings, UN Secretary General António Guterres said:
"If we combine forces now, we can avert climate catastrophe. But, as today's report makes clear, there is no time for delay and no room for excuses. I count on government leaders and all stakeholders to ensure COP26 is a success."
The sober assessment of our planet's future has been delivered by the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a group of scientists whose findings are endorsed by the world's governments.
Their report is the first major review of the science of climate change since 2013. Its release comes less than three months before a key climate summit in Glasgow known as COP26.
In strong, confident tones, the IPCC's document says
"It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, oceans and land".
According to Prof Ed Hawkins, from the University of Reading, UK, and one of the report's authors, the scientists cannot be any clearer on this point.
It is a statement of fact, we cannot be any more certain; it is unequivocal and indisputable that humans are warming the planet."
Donald Trump's Mar O Lago Golf Club will experience devastating flooding by the year 2100, but this will probably happen much earlier if temperatures increase by 1.5 degrees centigrade (IPCC)
Petteri Taalas, Secretary-General of the World Meteorological Organization, said:
"By using sports terms, one could say the atmosphere has been exposed to doping, which means we have begun observing extremes more often than before."
The authors say that since 1970, global surface temperatures have risen faster than in any other 50-year period over the past 2,000 years.
This warming is "already affecting many weather and climate extremes in every region across the globe".
Whether it's heatwaves like the ones recently experienced in Greece and western North America, or floods like those in Germany and China, "their attribution to human influence has strengthened" over the past decade.
Rising sea levels due to melting ice from the polar regions due to global warming will have devastating consequences for the entire planet as many coastal areas will experience massive flooding (Click to view coastal flooding)
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IPCC report key points
- Global surface temperature was 1.09C higher in the decade between 2011-2020 than between 1850-1900.
- The past five years have been the hottest on record since 1850
- The recent rate of sea level rise has nearly tripled compared with 1901-1971
- Human influence is "very likely" (90%) the main driver of the global retreat of glaciers since the 1990s and the decrease in Arctic sea-ice
- It is "virtually certain" that hot extremes including heatwaves have become more frequent and more intense since the 1950s, while cold events have become less frequent and less severe
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The new report also makes clear that the warming we've experienced to date has made changes to many of our planetary support systems that are irreversible on timescales of centuries to millennia.
The oceans will continue to warm and become more acidic. Mountain and polar glaciers will continue melting for decades or centuries.
Professor Hawkins says,
"The consequences will continue to get worse for every bit of warming. And for many of these consequences, there's no going back."
Water levels are at historic lows due to drought conditions in California. Oroville Dam had to suspend electrical power generations because water levels reached historic lows due to global warming (IPCC)
When it comes to sea level rise, the scientists have modelled a likely range for different levels of emissions.
However, a rise of around 2m by the end of this century cannot be ruled out - and neither can a 5m rise by 2150.
Such outcomes, while unlikely, would threaten many millions more people in coastal areas with flooding by 2100.
One key aspect of the report is the expected rate of temperature rise and what it means for the safety of humanity.
A peaceful demonstration of young Americans to bring attention to our elected representatives about the severity of global warming (IPCC)
Almost every nation on Earth signed up to the goals of the Paris climate agreement in 2015.
This pact aims to keep the rise in global temperatures well below 2C this century and to pursue efforts to keep it under 1.5C.
This new report says that under all the emissions scenarios considered by the scientists, both targets will be broken this century unless huge cuts in carbon take place.
If the IPCC's estimates are correct we have about 12-13 years before we will know if the planet can keep temperatures 1.5 degrees centigrade below 1910 levels or we could experience consequences we don't even want to go through. (IPCC)
The authors believe that 1.5C will be reached by 2040 in all scenarios. If emissions aren't slashed in the next few years, this will happen even earlier.
This was predicted in the IPCC's special report on 1.5C in 2018 and this new study now confirms it.
Prof Malte Meinshausen, an IPCC author from the University of Melbourne in Australia, said,
"We will hit one-and-a-half degrees in individual years much earlier. We already hit it in two months during the El Niño in 2016. The new report's best estimate is the middle of 2034, but the uncertainty is huge and ranges between now and never."
The consequences of going past 1.5C over a period of years would be unwelcome in a world that has already experienced a rapid uptick in extreme events with a temperature rise since pre-industrial times of 1.1C.
Dr Friederike Otto, from the University of Oxford, UK, and one of the IPCC report's authors, says.
"We will see even more intense and more frequent heatwaves. And we will also see an increase in heavy rainfall events on a global scale, and also increases in some types of droughts in some regions of the world."
Prof Carolina Vera, vice-chair of the working group that produced the document, said:
"The report clearly shows that we are already living the consequences of climate change everywhere. But we will experience further and concurrent changes that increase with every additional beat of warming."
So what can be done?
While this report is more clear and confident about the downsides to warming, the scientists are more hopeful that if we can cut global emissions in half by 2030 and reach net zero by the middle of this century, we can halt and possibly reverse the rise in temperatures.
Reaching net zero involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions as much as possible using clean technology, then burying any remaining releases using carbon capture and storage, or absorbing them by planting trees.
Another co-author, Professor Piers Forster from the University of Leeds, UK, said.
"The thought before was that we could get increasing temperatures even after net zero. But we now expect nature to be kind to us and if we are able to achieve net zero, we hopefully won't get any further temperature increase; and if we are able to achieve net zero greenhouse gases, we should eventually be able to reverse some of that temperature increase and get some cooling."
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Five future impacts
- Temperatures will reach 1.5C above 1850-1900 levels by 2040 under all emissions scenarios
- The Arctic is likely to be practically ice-free in September at least once before 2050 in all scenarios assessed
- There will be an increasing occurrence of some extreme events "unprecedented in the historical record" even at warming of 1.5C
- Extreme sea level events that occurred once a century in the recent past are projected to occur at least annually at more than half of tidal gauge locations by 2100
- There will be likely increases in fire weather in many regions
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While the future projections of warming are clearer than ever in this report, and many impacts simply cannot be avoided, the authors caution against fatalism.
Dr Otto said.
"Lowering global warming really minimises the likelihood of hitting these tipping points. We are not doomed."
A tipping point refers to when part of the Earth's climate system undergoes an abrupt change in response to continued warming.
For political leaders, the report is another in a long line of wake-up calls, but since it comes so close to November's COP26 global climate summit, it carries extra weight.
COMMENTARY: The United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2021 Report on Climate Change is a wakeup call for the entire planet. We have been hearing catastrophic warnings about the effects of global warming for years now, but this new IPCC report on climate change makes things abundantly clear -- if the inhabitants of planet Earth fail to take global warming seriously and do nothing, we will experience repeated hot temperatures, drought, arid and unusable land, rising seas and weather storms. Many areas of our planet will be affected with devastating consequences for all of us. I just downloaded all 900+ pages of the Climate Change 2021 report and do not look forward to reading something this huge. If you are interested in a copy of this report, you will find it HERE.
Courtesy of an article dated August 9, 2021 appearing in BBC News - Click to view original source article
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